fascismo in italia

The offices of L’Avanti!

Mussolini manipulated this volatile situation in the next few months to his advantage, and the Liberal political establishment sought to conciliate him and the Fascist thugs. Attempts by the left to organize defense squads against the Fascists were, in general, a failure. The Socialists, indeed, had by this time split again, and the left now consisted of three rival parties, which spent much time criticizing one another: the Communists, the Socialists, and the reformist Socialists. The political crisis of the postwar years provided an opportunity for militant, patriotic movements, including those of ex-servicemen and former assault troops, students, ex-syndicalists, and former pro-war agitators. In October Mussolini abandoned republicanism, and in November he formed his movement into a proper political party, the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF), which by this time was well-financed if ill-disciplined and extremely disparate. These unions never managed to penetrate the organized working class but did have some support among the lower middle class and small landowners. Prime Minister Facta asked the king to declare martial law, but Victor Emmanuel III eventually refused in order to avoid possible army disloyalty or even a possible civil war. Rapidamente l'esercito tedesco riuscì a conquistare Varsavia per poi spostare le sue attenzioni prima al nord, occupando Danimarca e Norvegia; rivolse poi le sue forze ad ovest avanzando contro i Paesi Bassi e, attraverso il Belgio, contro la Francia. In October 1922 Mussolini organized a “March on Rome” by Fascist supporters. The council was suspended by the government. The biennio nero (“two black years”; 1921–22) destroyed opposition to the Fascists. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hundreds of union offices, employment centres, and party newspapers were looted or burnt down. Local Fascist groups were soon founded in Emilia, Tuscany, and Puglia and by autumn 1920 were busy not only breaking up strikes but also dismantling Socialist and Catholic labour unions and peasants’ cooperatives and—often with police collusion—overthrowing newly elected local councils. The opposition parties—by now including the Popular Party—remained divided but won a majority of the votes in northern Italy. The police, the army, and much of the middle class sympathized with Fascist destruction of Socialist unions. Mussolini’s movement was initially unsuccessful, but Fascists soon began to agitate in the streets and against the left. The Popular Party was disowned by the Vatican, and its leader, Luigi Sturzo, resigned at the Vatican’s request.
were again attacked and razed. Mussolini became prime minister, therefore, in a more or less constitutional manner, but only after three years of near civil war in the country and an armed invasion of Rome. Four people were killed, and the paper shut down for several days. Only a very few areas were able to resist the “Blackshirts” in street fighting, including Parma and Bari in 1922. These men became known as ras (meaning “provincial viceroy” in Ethiopia’s Amharic language) and exercised considerable local power throughout the Fascist period. In October 1920, after the election of a left administration in Bologna, Fascists invaded the council chamber, causing mayhem and nine deaths. Union organizations were crushed. D’Annunzio in Fiume led one such movement, but the ex-Socialist journalist Benito Mussolini soon became even more prominent, founding his fasci di combattimento (“fighting leagues”), better known as Fascists, in Milan in March 1919. Il 1º settembre 1939 60 divisioni tedesche invasero la Polonia dando il via alla seconda guerra mondiale. Local bosses built power bases in various areas—e.g., Italo Balbo in Ferrara, Roberto Farinacci in Cremona, and Leandro Arpinati in Bologna. Instead, he asked Mussolini to form a government on October 29, hoping to tame him by constitutional means.

Thousands of people were beaten, killed, or forced to drink castor oil and run out of town. Similarities between Lombard and Byzantine states, Carolingian and post-Carolingian Italy, 774–962, Socioeconomic developments in the countryside, The reform movement and the Salian emperors, The southern kingdoms and the Papal States, The southern monarchies and the Papal States, Early modern Italy (16th to 18th centuries), From the 1490s through the 17th-century crisis, Reform and Enlightenment in the 18th century, Political thought and early attempts at reform, The rebellions of 1831 and their aftermath, Politics and the political system, 1870–87, Economic and political crisis: the “two red years”, The republic of Salò (the Italian Social Republic) and the German occupation, Economic stagnation and labour militancy in the 1960s and ’70s, Student protest and social movements, 1960s–1980s, The migrant crisis and the growth of populist movements. were attacked twice more between 1920 and 1922. Appunto di Storia sul Fascismo in Italia, con riassunti sull'instaurazione del regime, la marcia su Roma, l'Impero italiano e il Patto d'acciaio con la Germania. In May 1921, when Prime Minister Giolitti called new elections, 35 Fascists were elected to parliament as part of a government bloc of 275 deputies.

In April 1919 Fascists and nationalists burned down the offices of the national Socialist daily, L’Avanti!, in Milan. For 18 months he ruled through the usual government machinery, pursued a policy of “normalization,” and gradually concentrated power in his own hands. Unable to defend basic democratic rights or to prevent the criminal activities of a private militia that operated openly and nationwide, the state had lost all credibility.
Organized militias began to attract support across Italy in an anti-Bolshevik crusade that united various social and political sectors and organizations. Ordinary middle-class job seekers flooded into the Fascist Party, making it more respectable and amenable; the nationalists also merged their organization into it, bringing with them much respectable backing in the south. The Federterra shrank from some one million members to fewer than 6,000 in less than five years. In 1923 the electoral law was changed once more, so that a group of parties with the largest vote—even if only 25 percent of the total—would receive an absolute majority of the seats. The group’s first program was a mishmash of radical nationalist ideas, with strong doses of anticlericalism and republicanism. The Fascist squads were incorporated into an official Voluntary Militia for National Security. The Fascists also organized their own trade unions, the Fascist “syndicates,” among strategic groups such as postal administrative workers and taxi drivers, to replace Socialist or Catholic organizations, to provide mass membership, and to control labour.

Fascists used the opportunity to inflict further damage on the left and union institutions, and the offices of L’Avanti! Mussolini, as duce (leader) of fascism, gradually made himself indispensable in Rome, and the squads took over more cities in the provinces. Later, Socialist and Catholic deputies were run out of parliament or had their houses destroyed. Italy - Italy - The Fascist era: The political crisis of the postwar years provided an opportunity for militant, patriotic movements, including those of ex-servicemen and former assault troops, students, ex-syndicalists, and former pro-war agitators. di SteDV. In a climate of violence and threats, the Fascist-dominated bloc won 64 percent of the votes and 374 seats, doing particularly well in the south. Fascist squads, dressed in black-shirted uniforms and often financed by landowners or industrialists, used systematic violence to destroy these organizations. Local bosses remained paramount in their areas. This was the first demonstration of the ability of the Fascists to attack Socialist institutions. Fascist squads, numbering about 25,000 men altogether, began to converge on the capital from all over Italy on October 26, occupying railway stations and government offices.

Within a few months, paramilitary Fascist squad leaders controlled many rural areas of central Italy. He was appointed by the king, and he headed a coalition government that included nationalists, two Fascist ministers, Liberals, and even (until April 1923) two Catholic ministers from the Popular Party.

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