Also look at the demo examples, especially dynamic-params.feature - to compare the above approach with how the Cucumber Scenario Outline: can be alternatively used for data-driven tests. The answer is no. there is exactly one row and one column in the table. Not the answer you're looking for? """, # very useful for validating a response against a schema "super-set", * match karate.filterKeys(response, 'b', 'c') == { c, * match karate.filterKeys(response, ['a', 'b']) == { a, # generate a range of numbers as a json array, """ To test a specific feature in karate I run: mvn test -Dkarate.options="classpath:myfeature.feature". isValidTime(_)' So you have the following type markers you can use instead of def (or the rarely used text). EXPR in the table above is an interesting one. Karate report & karate log to have scenario name with test data. All arrays no matter the depth will be checked in this way. function(x, y, i) { You can find more examples here: xml.feature. How to pass data from one feature file to another in karate? So you get the best of both worlds: the elegance of JSON to express complex nested data - while at the same time being able to dynamically plug values (that could even be other JSON or XML trees) into a template. Note that if you need to do a lot of case-insensitive string checks, karate.lowerCase() is what you are looking for. each feature opens a new scope without which karate would break in all kinds of ways. { Also note how you can wrap the LHS of the match in parentheses in the rare cases where the parser expects JsonPath by default. name,type For more complex functions you are better off using the multi-line doc-string approach. Karate Demo. Note the inline use of the read function as a short-cut above. Valid options are, Resemble option to ignore a specific color, Resemble option to override preset tolerances for color and brightness, SSIM grayscale algorithm. You just need to do a normal POST (or GET). But this time, the return value from the call step will be a JSON array of the same size as the input array. It typically ends up being a one-liner that appears in the Background section at the start of your test-scripts. This is a core feature and does not depend on JUnit, Maven or Gradle. Bloating your configuration can lead to loss of performance, and maintainability may suffer. For example: And if you need to suppress placeholder substitution for read(), but still need a JSON snippet, you can do this. Also referred to as mutual auth - if your API requires that clients present an X509 certificate for authentication, Karate supports this via JSON as the configure ssl value. If you are looking for a way to do something only once per Feature, take a look at callonce. In these 13 y ears, the club has grown to be one of the larger karate clubs in Singapore, with 11 dojos islandwide currently, promoting sport karate in this nation. You can always use a JavaScript function or call Java for more complex logic. Refer to your IDE documentation for how to run a JUnit class. This turns out to be very useful in practice, and this particular match jsonArray contains '#(^partialObject)' form has no in-line equivalent (see the third-from-last row above). {@F1,@F2,@F3,. Add an automation story in BDD syntax. Conditionally making a test fail is easy with karate.fail(). And each element of the returned array will be the envelope of variables that resulted from each iteration where the *.feature got invoked. Note that if you did not need to inject Examples: into placeholders enclosed within < and >, reading from a file with the extension *.txt may have been sufficient. You could always do this in two steps: As a convenience, embedded expressions are supported on the Right Hand Side of a match statement even for quoted string literals: And do note that in Karate 1.0 onwards, ES6 string-interpolation within backticks is supported: An alternative to embedded expressions (for JSON only) is to enclose the entire payload within parentheses - which tells Karate to evaluate it as pure JavaScript. If you want to use JUnit 4, use the karate-junit4 Maven dependency instead of karate-junit5 . match each can be combined with contains deep so that for each JSON object a deep contains match is performed within nested lists or objects. When multipart content is involved, the Content-Type header of the HTTP request defaults to multipart/form-data. See this for an example. some.feature:42 so it will invoke only the Scenario or outline Example on line 42 - this is designed only for IDE-s and developer mode, use a . By now, it should be clear that JsonPath can be very useful for extracting JSON trees out of a given object. It is actually a transpose of the table approach, and can be very convenient when there are a large number of keys per row or if the nesting is complex. And you can easily assert that the data is as expected by comparing it with another JSON or XML object. How to run a specific feature file in karate? 5678 The Hello World is a great example of REST-ful use of the url when the test focuses on a single REST resource. And here is how cat-create.feature could look like: If you replace the table with perhaps a JavaScript function call that gets some JSON data from some data-source, you can imagine how you could go about dynamic data-driven testing. One nice thing about the design of the Gherkin syntax is that script-steps are treated the same no matter whether they start with the keyword Given, And, When or Then. If you want, you could even create nested chunks of JSON that name-space your config variables. But use wisely, because called scripts will now over-write variables that may have been already defined. But normally a match statement is preferred unless you want a really descriptive error message. Here is an example: You can see the structure of the data here: kittens.json. And as a testing framework, Karate discourages tests that give different results on every run. In fact it may be a good idea to slip doubles instead of integers into some of your tests ! Note that Content-Type had to be enclosed in quotes in the JSON above because the - (hyphen character) would cause problems otherwise. karate.appendTo(idxs, i); for (var n in nums) { When you have a large and complex project, you will end up with a few data files (e.g. How to check service status in karate DSL? If you face issues such as class not found, just pull in the karate-core dependency, and use the all classifier in your pom.xml (or build.gradle). Look at multipart entity for an example. You can also dynamically set multiple files in one step using multipart files. For advanced users, Karate supports being able to query for tags within a test, and even tags in a @name=value form. But the recommended way is to use the karateEnv(name, value) or systemProperty(name, value) API on the parallel-runner. For a call (or callonce) - payload / data structures (JSON, XML, Map-like or List-like) variables are passed by reference which means that steps within the called feature can update or mutate them, for e.g. {2}', id: '#uuid' }, # convenient (and recommended) way to check for array length, # here we enclose in round-brackets to preserve the optional embedded expression, # so that it can be used later in a "match", """ If a few steps in your flow need to temporarily change (or completely bypass) the currently-set header-manipulation scheme, just update configure headers to a new value (or set it to null) in the middle of a script. { id: 23, name: 'Bob' }, The approach in this section is more suited for troubleshooting in dev-mode, using your IDE. Karate creates a new context for the feature file being invoked but passes along all variables and configuration. Since asserting against header values in the response is a common task - match header has a special meaning. For example: You can reset default settings by using the following short-cut: Since you can use configure any time within a test, you have control over which requests or steps you want to show / hide. You can also use JSON to set multiple query-parameters in one-line using params and this is especially useful for dynamic data-driven testing. You would typically use these to simulate a user sign-in and then grab a security token from the response. How can karate read data from external files? In such cases, you have to use string quotes: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }. They use JSON to build the relevant parts of the HTTP request. So you can refer to the response, responseStatus or even responseHeaders if needed. hero(name: "") { Assuming the above code is in a file called my-headers.js, the next section on calling other feature files shows how it looks like in action at the beginning of a test script. A callonce is ideally used for only pure JSON. also explained how to grab the response . Multi-value headers (though rarely used in the wild) are also supported: Also look at the headers keyword which uses JSON and makes some kinds of dynamic data-driven testing easier. Do note that if you prefer a pure Java API - Karate has that covered, and with far more capabilities. kittens: [ Give a name to the feature file. Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is an approach to development and testing, when special attention is paid to product behavior in business terms. Here is an example of performing a configure driver step in JavaScript: By default, Karate will add logs to the report output so that HTTP requests and responses appear in-line in the HTML reports. The dry run report is useful to review the tag coverage of what will be run. """, * def timeLong = call dateStringToLong '2016-12-24T03, # import yaml (will be converted to json), # if the js file evaluates to a function, it can be re-used later using the 'call' keyword (or invoked just like normal js), # the following short-cut is also allowed, # perfect for all those common authentication or 'set up' flows, And request karate.readAsString('classpath, # use only 'ssim' (structural similarity) engine, # always use both 'resemble' and 'ssim' engines but only evaluate the lowest mismatch percentage against our `failureThreshold`, # prefer 'resemble' and fallback to 'ssim' engine only if the resemble mismatch percentage is >= `failureThreshold`, # only consider the comparison as failed when 2% or more pixels are different from the baseline, * configure imageComparison = { failureThreshold, # consider image comparisons that fail due to too many mismatched pixels as passed (especially useful when you are first starting without any baseline images), * configure imageComparison = { mismatchShouldPass, # custom JS function called in Karate HTML image comparison UI when the user clicks the `Rebase` button, """ The example below shows the difference between embedded expressions and enclosed JavaScript: So how would you choose between the two approaches to create JSON ? """, # use dynamic path expressions to mutate json, * def filename = zone == 'zone1' ? But when you deal with complex, nested JSON (or XML) - it may be easier in some cases to use replace, especially when you want to substitute multiple placeholders with one value, and when you dont need array manipulation. What are the features of a Karate test script? If youre looking for more complex ways of dynamically naming your scenarios you can use JS string interpolation by including placeholders in your scenario name. The above would result in a URL like: http://myhost/mypath?someKey=hello&anotherKey=foo. Re-use can sometimes result in negative benefits - especially when applied to test-automation. "arr": [ You should take a minute to compare this with the exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG. It is the opinion of the author of Karate that true BDD is un-necessary over-kill for API testing, and this is explained more in this answer on Stack Overflow. Feature: multiple header management approaches that demonstrate how after. name: 'Billie', The name of the SOAP action specified is used as the SOAPAction header. And a very common need would be to use a file as the request body: The rarely used file: prefix is also supported. The .graphql and .gql extensions are also recognized (for GraphQL) but are handled the same way as .txt and treated as a string. To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. Note that more builder methods are available from the Runner.Builder class such as reportDir() etc. Given the examples above, it has to be said that a best practice with Karate is to avoid JavaScript for loops as far as possible. But, unlike Cucumber, the steps do not require a . Now, since this Karate Framework is using the Runner file, which also is needed in Cucumber to run the feature files, so most of the writing will follow the Cucumber standards. You can easily assign the whole response (or just parts of it using Json-Path or XPath) to a variable, and use it in later steps. Easy to create a framework. return sdf.format(date); The value column can take expressions, even XML chunks. This is optional, and Karate will work without the logging config in place, but the default console logging may be too verbose for your needs. So now, complex payloads (that include arrays) can easily be validated in one step by combining validation markers like so: Especially note the re-use of the oddSchema both as an embedded-expression and as an array validation (on the last line). Karate supports JUnit 5 and the advantage is that you can have multiple methods in a test-class. This comes in useful because depending on how you organize your files and folders - you can have multiple feature files executed by a single JUnit test-class. Dont forget that Karates data-driven testing capabilities can loop over arrays of JSON objects automatically. It validates the entire payload in one step and checks if the kittens array contains all the expected items but in any order. Observe how the get shortcut is used to distill the result array of variable envelopes into an array consisting only of response payloads. For this, Cucumber has already provided a way to organize your scenario execution by using tags in feature file. You can always use a JavaScript switch case within an eval or function block. For convenience, a null value will be ignored. * url myUrl. 2. A Java API also exists for those who prefer to programmatically integrate Karates rich automation and data-assertion capabilities. ##(subSchema) Other options are the quickstart or the standalone executable. More examples are available that showcase various ways of parameter-izing and dynamically manipulating SOAP requests in a data-driven fashion. How to run a specific feature file in Karate? Refer to this case study for how dramatic the reduction of lines of code can be. In situations where you start an (embedded) application server as part of the test set-up phase, a typical challenge is that the HTTP port may be determined at run-time. So you can compare 2 JSON (or XML) payloads if you wanted to: If you are wondering about the finer details of the match syntax, the Left-Hand-Side has to be either a. A good example of where you may need this is if you programmatically write a file to the target folder, and then you can read it like this: Take a look at the Karate Demos for real-life examples of how you can use files for validating HTTP responses, like this one: read-files.feature. This means that all your. name: 'John', Refer to JsonPath short-cuts for a detailed explanation. Requirement: Open a feature file in VSCode Editor and ensure a line associated with a test has cursor focus. "c": 5 Normally in dev mode, you will use your IDE to run a *.feature file directly or via the companion runner JUnit Java class. Karate has built-in support for re-trying an HTTP request until a certain condition has been met. Any valid JavaScript expression that evaluates to a Truthy or Falsy value is expected after the #?. Here is a sample logback-test.xml for you to get started. OR: To run every feature that has either of the @F1 and @F2 tags (runs both) {@F1,@F2}, Combining OR and AND: To run feature that has either of @F1,@F2,@F3 tags but not @F4 tag. And yes, relative paths will work. var foo = function(v){ return v * v }; That said, if you want to stick to JavaScript, but find yourself accumulating a lot of helper functions that you need to use in multiple feature files, the following pattern is recommended. Now, lets continue with the variables in Karate. convenient way to execute an OS specific command and return the console output e.g. There are examples of calling JVM classes in the section on Java Interop and in the file-upload demo. Refer to the cats-java.feature demo for an example. feature file from your Java IDE, you just need the following empty test-class in the same package. If you use the Maven tweak described earlier (recommended), the root of the classpath will be in the src/test/java folder, or else would be src/test/resources. but if you want to run only a specific feature file from a JUnit test even if there are multiple *.feature files in the same folder . After every HTTP call this variable is set with the response body, and is available until the next HTTP request over-writes it. For details of scope and visibility of variables, see Script Structure. This should make it clear why Karate does not provide out of the box support for any particular HTTP authentication scheme. Because Karate strips trailing slashes if part of a path parameter, if you want to append a forward-slash to the end of the URL in the final HTTP request - make sure that the last path is a single /. From a file in the same package. Here is an example of using the call keyword to invoke another feature file, loaded using the read function: If you find this hard to understand at first, try looking at this set of examples. if so, is the configured value a JavaScript function ? note that this cannot be dynamic (with in-line variables) so. *.feature files and JavaScript functions. Which suggests that the step should be in the When form, for example: When method post. sorts the list using the provided custom function called for each item in the list (and the optional second argument is the item index) e.g. [ In the case of the call of a JavaScript function, you can also pass a JSON array or a primitive (string, number, boolean) as the solitary argument, and the function implementation is expected to handle whatever is passed. time: '#? Theres also a cross-platform stand-alone executable for teams not comfortable with Java. Heres how it works for XML: This comes in useful in some cases - and avoids needing to use the set keyword or JavaScript functions to manipulate JSON. For JUnit 5 you can omit the public modifier for the class and method, and there are some changes to import package names. But again, you can return a JSON object. 'name is Bob and age is 5', # the single cell can be any valid karate expression, * def generator = function(i){ if (i == 20) return null; return { name, Keywords that set multiple key-value pairs in one step, Managing Headers, SSL, Timeouts and HTTP Proxy, Matching Sub-Sets of JSON Keys and Arrays, mix Karate into Java projects or legacy UI-automation suites, Karate entered the ThoughtWorks Tech Radar, 7 New Features in Karate Test Automation Version 1.0, nested chunks of JSON that name-space your config variables, alternate way of calling JavaScript functions, exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG, do not use this unless you know what you are doing, see above, Comparison engine(s) to use. { Some XPath expressions return a list of nodes (instead of a single node). Click on Run the Workflow and Start. } So you can do things like this: * def name = name + __loop - or you can use the loop index value for looking up other values that may be in scope - in a data-driven style. The Background is optional. Karate can read *.csv files and will auto-convert them to JSON. How to specify a single scenario with jar file? An advanced option is where the scenario expression returns a JavaScript generator function. A very useful capability is to be able to check that an array contains an object that contains the provided sub-set of keys instead of having to specify the complete JSON - which can get really cumbersome for large objects. In real-life scripts, you would typically also use this capability of Karate to configure headers where the specified JavaScript function uses the variables that result from a sign in to manipulate headers for all subsequent HTTP requests. Passing data from one feature file to another is very common requirement when it comes to automation. The same concept applies to XML and you can build complicated payloads from scratch in just a few, extremely readable lines. } If you find yourself needing a complex helper or utility function, we strongly recommend that you use Java because it is much easier to maintain and even debug if needed. For example you can get a nice feature coverage report, provided you have a rich set of tags. You can if you want to, but since only JsonPath (on variables) is allowed here, Karate ignores the $ and looks only at the variable name. How can we prove that the supernatural or paranormal doesn't exist? In case you were wondering, variables (and even expressions) are supported on the right-hand-side. Karates capabilities include being able to run tests in parallel, HTML reports and compatibility with Continuous Integration tools. Calling any Java code is that easy. Note how even tags to exclude (or include) can be specified: Note that any Feature or Scenario with the special @ignore tag will be skipped by default. Note that for. See this other example for more ideas: dsl.feature. But note that ##null can be used to represent a convention that many teams adopt, which is that keys with null values are stripped from the JSON payload. top: 483, A typical need would be to perform a sign in, or create a fresh user as a pre-requisite for the scenarios being tested. To run a script *.feature file from your Java IDE, you just need the following empty test-class in the same package. UI for debugging the Test. #24: You can execute the scenario defined in @GetValue alone in the current file (=get.feature),. To signal the end of the data, just return null. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner. You have to repeat the Examples section for each tag. Keep in mind that the reason this exists is to cache data, and not behavior. That said, if you really need to implement conditional checks, this can be one pattern: And this is another, using karate.call(). It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area.
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