kassites in the bible

kassites in the biblekassites in the bible

Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. (2011, August 03). 88-124, Clayden, Tim. Kassites. 5. The Rise And Fall Of Babylon | Bible.org The longest lasting of several Babylonian dynasties, the Kassites held the region between the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq for over 400 years. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. The first place to start when trying to locate the Garden of Eden is in the Bible. [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. Ordu niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Sosyal Bilimler There are numerous accounts in both Akkadian and Canaanite literature that speak of the religious nature of the area, which affirms the biblical accounts. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). "People Praying on Stone: Identity in Kassite Babylonian Seals, ca. Museum, British. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Idem, Elamites and Other Peoples from Iran and the Persian Gulf Region in Early Mesopotamian Sources, Iran 32, 1994, pp. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). Idem, Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C., Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7, Philadelphia, 1984. In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. "Kassite." MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. smite in English - smite English translation - smite meaning in Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. kassites in the bible - HAZ Rental Center The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. Kassites Govern Babylon - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. 4 (Dec., 1991), pp. Unique Circular Format see more in less space. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. Who are the ethiopian in the bible? - Egszz.churchrez.org 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). 11, No. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Volume 1 Kardunia. [55] Other similar glass dated 1500 BC was found at Tell al-Rimah. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). 1360 to 1220 BCE. 2. Timeline of Events in Ancient Babylonia - ThoughtCo . The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). Midianite - New World Encyclopedia They were divided into three main tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri, the Bit-Amukani, and the Bit-Jakin, against whom the Assyrians waged war in the ninth century B.C. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Archaeologists divide it into three periods, Early Kassite (pre c. 1415 BC), Middle Kassite (c 1415 BC - 1225 BC), and Late Kassite (c. 1225 BC - 1155 BC). Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. ). Iraq, vol. The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca. 58, no. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). Genesis 2:14 gives the location of the Garden of Eden. Idem, Kassiten, RlA 5, 1976-1980, pp. There is very little evidence for serious political problems before the thirteenth century BC when Assyria to the north and Elam to the east began to threaten Babylonia, and eventually brought an end to Kassite control. ), whose kings were native Babylonians. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. "6. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, 105(2), 255-257. About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. 1, pp. Your email address will not be published. ). "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. One interesting aspect of these letters is that they are written in Akkadian cuneiform and not Egyptian. Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. Some prebendaries in Babylonian temple cities bore Kassite ancestors names as late as the Achaemenid period (see Zadok, 2003, p. 482, with n. 6). A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Period [1600-1160 BCE] Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 5 (197680, Miller, Jared L.. "3. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Ancient Babylon, the iconic Mesopotamian city that survived for 2,000 Charpin, 1995). Paper, 1956, p. 252). 229-244, Brinkman, J. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. 15-26. "18. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. 04 Mar 2023. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 247 ff., 258 f.). June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi 240-44. Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. SeventeenthDynasty, (15001100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha, Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II, Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini 412-18. It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. J. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles . Babylon - World History Encyclopedia that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. 6, no. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. Roman Empire Map - World History Encyclopedia. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. 471-589. 91-113. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. . Ancient Mesopotamia: Babylonian Empire - Ducksters 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Chen, Fei (2020). After this point, the Kassites had faded into obscurity. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. A. 1-19. What does the Bible say about the Kassites? - Study.com There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. 19-38. KASSITES - Encyclopaedia Iranica . "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. A Middle Babylonian Legal Document Raising Problems in Kassite Chronology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. Who were the Kassites in the Bible? - Wisdom-Advices Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. . The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. 8, line 46; 9, 41). [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. Wikimedia [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. A.. "1. to 540 B.C. [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. M. Heinz, Migration und Assimilation im 2. The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. 209-23. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 519-21. Idem, Hurrians as Well as Individuals Bearing Hurrian and Strange Names in Sumerian Sources, in A. F. Rainey, A. Kempinski, and M. Sigrist, eds., Kinatttu a drti. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Kassites. The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 287-90. World History Encyclopedia. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. Museum, B. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. J. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. 17-22. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. 20712, Brinkman, J. This God held this position for many years after Kassite rule hand ended. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 23342, J. Kassite. Volume 2 Kardunia. The art of the Kassite period is best known for a type of stone monument known as a kudurru ( 1985.45 ). Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. Brinkman, 1986). But how can people not see Ahmose named her son Ahmose because she pulled him from the water. Fourteen letters were exchanged between the pharaohs and two successive Kassite kings, Kadaman-Enlil I (1369-55 BCE) and Burnaburia II (1354-28 BCE). kassites in the bible. Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. "Studies Concerning the Kassite Period Ekur of Nippur: Construction History and Finds". Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). This form resembles the much later Greek name Kossaioii, Lat. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Museum, British. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. First Century Israel Map - Idem, rev. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. 1, 1989, pp. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. Please support World History Encyclopedia. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. Abraham, K. (2013). Around 1500 BC. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. 135-38. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. J. Oelsner, Landvergabe im kassitischen Babylonien, in M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komorczy, M. T. Larsen, and J. N. Postgate, eds., Societies and Languages in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I.M. Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. Under the later Kassite kings political authority was weakened as peripheral provinces detached themselves from effective state control (see Brinkman, 1963, pp. 95 ff. The Biblical Garden of Eden Who Were the Cushites in the Bible? - Synonym [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp.

Why Is Revolution For Cats, So Expensive, What Aspect Of Life Brings The Monster Sheer Joy Quizlet, Pda Westampton Nj, Articles K